REVIEW OF LITERATURE
1. Kelemua
Gulilat. http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo.aspx?journalid=251&doi=10.11648/j.sjph.20140205.13
An observational study was conducted in April, 2012 in health facilities found
in Bahirdar city administration. Data were collected using Pre tested
questionnaire on 354 health care workers selected by simple random sampling
technique. Overall knowledge score of respondents were 84.5% and about 55.6%
had positive attitude and 54.2% of respondents had safe infection prevention
practice. Result of multiple logistic regression analysis showed that working
in hospital (AOR=2.54;95% CI(1.12,5.75),
working experience greater than 10 years. (AOR=3.79 (95% CI =2.33,6.17) and
availability PPE (AOR=6.79 (95% CI=2.83,17.27) has positive association with
infection prevention. Participants had better knowledge and positive attitude
their practice of infection prevention was not optimum as per the national
guideline. Improving institutional supplies like hand hygiene material, PPE,
water supply & TST may improve safe infection prevention practice.
2. Lt
V. Anargh. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3862659/
A cross sectional questionnaire and observation based study was carried out in
a tertiary care health care facility in Pune to assess knowledge and practices regarding hand hygiene among
health care workers of a tertiary health care facility based on sample size
calculations,100 HCWs working in medical and surgical wards were studied.
Majority preferred hand washing with soap and water over hand washing with soap
and water over hand rubbing with alcohol based solutions.21% of HCWs were
missing in accessibility (9%) of hand hygiene facilities were the common
reasons for non compliance. Inadequate compliance despite knowledge and false
sense of security by alcohol based rubs was seen.
3. AL-Naggar
R A. http://iiumedic.net/imjm/v1/download/Volume%2012%20No%202/Vol12No2%20Page%2011-14.pdf
A focus group discussion conducted in January-2010 among 40 medical science
students from management and science university(MSU) Malaysia. Simple random
sampling was used, the students divided into five focus groups .the number of
each group ranged between 8-10 members .the majority of the participants
mentioned that they frequently washed their hands using soap .some of the
participants washed the hands only with plain water. Majority of the
participants mentioned that the laziness was their main barrier of frequent
hand washing followed by lack of nearby water supply and then the feeling that
their hands are not dirty enough to be infected. medical science students still have some
misconceptions & negative attitude towards hand hygiene practice.
4.
SHANU S. J. http://dspace.sctimst.ac.in/jspui/bitstream/123456789/1601/1/475.pdf
An observational study to assess the hand hygiene practices among HCWs to
assess the reason for non compliance conducted in CSICU of SCTIMST, Trivandrum.
50 HCWs were taken for observation, 50 for assess the reported hand hygiene
practices. Questionnaire and observation tool were used for data collection.
The study revealed that there is a disparity between the opinion and the
practices of hand hygiene among health care workers. The overall observed
compliance rate67.08%(75 HCWs are included in observational study,111 no. of
opportunities are given only 76 opportunities of hand hygiene being
performed).the physiotherapist shows higher compliance rate(78%) the
nurses& residents shows 68% and the technician and unit helpers shows low
rate (60%).
5.
Anita Huis. http://www.implementationscience.com/content/7/1/92
Systematic searches of experimental and quasi-experimental a research on hand
hygiene improvement strategy was conducted in Medline, Embase, CINAHL and
Cochrane database from January 2000 to November 2009. We describe frequently
used improvement strategy and related determinants of behavior change that
promote good HH behavior to provide a better overview of the choice and content
of such strategies. 41 studies are reviewed. Thirteen studies used a controlled
design to measure the effect of HH improvement strategies on HH behavior. We
found hidden and valuable components in HH hygiene improvement strategies.
Addressing only determinants such as knowledge, awareness, action control and
facilitation is not enough to change HH hygiene behavior.
6. S.
W. Aboelela. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmedhealth/PMH0024262/
A Systematic review of Effectiveness of bundled behavioral interventions to
control health care association infection. A total of 33 published studies met
the inclusion criteria and were evaluated. Four of these earned a study quality
score of >=80%.In All four significant reduction in HAIs or colonization
rate were reported. Frequently used interventions included complaints
monitoring (21.2% ) staff performance and /or compliance feedback (39.4%) and
staff skills development and testing(36.4%).a vast majority of the
studies(90.9%) reported either overall HAI rates or specific health care
associated MDRO infection rates as the primary outcome.
7. Roger
Ulrich. https://smartech.gatech.edu/bitstream/handle/1853/25676/zimring_HERD_2008_researchlitreview.pdf?sequence=1
A scientific research on evidence based health care design and extracts its
implications for designing better and safer hospitals in 2004.this review found
a growing body of rigorous study to guide health care design, especially with
respect to reducing the frequency of HAIs. Results are organized acc. To three
general types of outcomes: patient safety, other patient outcome, and staff
outcome. The finding further support and importance of improving outcome for a
range of design characteristics or intervention and improving work settings.
8. “Judy
Tran” http://digitalcommons.library.tmc.edu/dissertations/AAI1467437/
A comparative study on hand hygiene to help determine the barrier to HH
compliance and offer solution on improving these rates and to build on a hand
hygiene evaluation. A total of eight HH studies are highlighted. At a children
hospital Seattle, hand hygiene compliance rate increase from 62% to 81% after
five period of intervention.
9. In
Thailand, http://digitalcommons.library.tmc.edu/dissertations/AAI1467437/
26 nurses dramatically increase compliance from 6.3% to 81.2% after just 7
month of training. Automated alcohol based hand rub dispensers improved
compliance rate in Chicago from 36.3% to 70.1%.using education and increased
distribution of alcohol based hand rubs increased HH rates from 59% to 79%. All
approaches were effective and increased compliance rates.
10. Hixon
S. http://ir.muhas.ac.tz:8080/jspui/bitstream/123456789/588/1/2012-11-05-CORRECTED%20ya%20mwisho.pdf
A cross-section & observational study, was conducted among 118 ICU staff
nurses at Muhimbili to identify Knowledge and practice on prevention of
ventilator associated pneumonia.ICU nurses knowledge on VAP prevention was
adequate but their practice was found to be poor. No significant association
between ICU training, level of education, year of working experience and
knowledge.
11. Naikoba
S. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11247676
`A systemic literature review was conducted to establish the effectiveness of
interventions aimed at increasing compliance with hand washing in healthcare
workers. The result showed that multifaceted approaches which combine education
with written material, reminders & combined feedback of performance can
have an important effect on hand washing compliance &rates of HAIs.
12. Aboelela
S. W. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmedhealth/PMH0024262/
A purpose of this systemic review was to evaluate studies testing the
effectiveness of intervention aimed at changing health care workers behavior. A
total of 33 published studies met the inclusion criteria and were evaluated
four of these earned a study quality score of ≥ 80%. In all four significant
reductions in HAI or colonization rates were reported.
13. Michael
White by. http://www.researchgate.net/profile/ML_Mclaws2/publication/7109639_Why_Healthcare_workers_don%27t_wash_their_hands_A_Behavioral_explanation/links/00b7d5280548ca32ca000000.pdf
A study on focus group discussion to elucidate behavioral determinants of hand
washing among nurses in the community and three tertiary care hospitals. 754
nurses were analyzed using backward, linear regression for hand washing
intension. We reasoned that hand washing results in two distinct behavioral
practices inherent hand washing (64%) and elective hand washing (76%). Intended
elective in hospital hand washing behavior is further significantly predicted
by nurses beliefs in the benefits of the activities (weighted β=3.12), peer
pressure of senior physicians (weighted β=3.0) and administrators (weighted
β=2.2) and role modeling (weighted β=3.0) but only to a minimal extent by
reduction in effort (weighted β=1.13).
14. John
M Boyce. http://www.researchgate.net/profile/John_Boyce5/publication/51655480_Measuring_Healthcare_Worker_Hand_Hygiene_Activity_Current_Practices_and_Emerging_Technologies/links/541b34ff0cf2218008c05848.pdf An observational study conducted by trained
personnel monitoring hand hygiene compliances. Monitoring hand hygiene product
consumption is less time consuming and can provide useful information regarding
frequency of hand hygiene. Electronic hand hygiene monitoring system that
utilized wireless system to monitor room entry and exit of health care workers
and their use of hand hygiene product. The studies suggest that use of
electronic monitoring system is associated with increased hand hygiene
compliance rates and that such systems may be acceptable to care give us.
15. Pittet
d. A comprehensive study of essential aspects of hand hygiene in health care
has been issued by WHO patient’s safety on 5th May, 2009 on the
occasion of the launch of the save lives: clean your hand Initiative. The
guidelines represent the contribution of more than 100 international experts
and provide a comprehensive overview of essential aspects of hand hygiene in
health care and lesson learnt from testing their advanced draft and related
implementation tools.
16. Barnes
Sl. A study to preventing the transmission of multi drugs resistant organisms:
importance of hand hygiene and environmental cleaning interventions it
developed and agent based model of patient to patient transmission via the
hands of transiently colonized health care workers and incompletely terminally
cleaned rooms – in a 20 patients Intensive care unit. Nurses and physician were
modeled and had distinct hand hygiene compliance levels on entry and exit to
patient rooms. A hand hygiene should remain a priority for infection control
program.
17. Sile
A Creedon. A quasi experimental study of health care worker hand washing/ hand
hygiene practices from a behavioral perspective the data were collected in
2001, health care worker hand washing practices and their predisposition and
attitudes, beliefs and knowledge towards compliance with hand hygiene
guidelines questionnaires n=62 were studied nurses, doctors, physiotherapist
and cure assistants involved in direct patient care in the study unit
participated in the study Implementation of the multifaceted intentional
behavioral hand hygiene program resulted in an overall improvement in
compliance with hand hygiene guidelines (51- 83%) p<0.001.
18. T
Rabie. A study to determine the effect of hand washing on the risk of
respiratory infection in 2004 June studies were included in the review if they
reported the impact of an intervention to promote hand cleansing or respiratory
infection relating to hospital acquired infections, long term care facilities,
immuno-compromised and elderly people were excluded list of 410 articles, 8
interventional studies met the eligibility criteria, all 8 eligible study
reported that hand washing lowered risk of respiratory infection.
19. Sile
A Creedon. An observational study examined difference in hand hygiene practice
between 4 acute hospitals. To investigate health care workers compliances with
hand hygiene guidelines in 4 acute care hospitals in Ireland. To examine
factors that contributed to non compliance. Data collector observed health care
workers in 4 hospitals.
20. Stephan.
harbarth@hcuge.ch
Stephan Harbarth. the purpose of this review is to examine studies that have
assessed the association between hand hygiene enhancement and MRSA(methicillin
resistant staphylococcus aureus)rates and to explore controvercies surrounding
this association many studies have been published .these studies have also
shown the cost beneficial nature of these programmes .enhancement of hand
hygiene compliance has been shown to reduce MRSA rates .
21. M
Malliarou-2013www.internationaljournal
of caringsciences.org. A study to point
out the importance of nurses hand hygiene of articles with key
words”hand,hygiene,hard,contamination,guideline.infectious disease are a
particular risk to the very young,the elderly those with a preexisting disease,
and people with a comprised immune system,nurses washing their hands not only
prevent them from getting sick but it also reduces the risk of infecting others
22. Suvarna Sande. A study to assess the effect of hand
washing among nursing staffs in Tertiary care Hospital. swabs were collected
from 150 nursing staffs working in various wards and intensive care
units(ICUs),from hands before & after Hand washing with antimicrobial soap.
swabs were inoculated on blood agar and Mac-Conkey’s agar. Microorganisms were
identified by standard methods. out of total 150 samples collected before hand
washing, growth was observed in 107(71.3%)samples and no growth in 43(28.7%)
samples Methicillin resistant staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) strains were also
isolated from hand swabs collected before hand washing, no growth was obtained
in 128(85.3%) samples and growth were observed in 22(14.7%)samples after hand
washing.
23. Z
Abbas. Z.abbasnejad@ymail.com.
study to investigate Knowledge, Attitude or beliefs and performance related to
hand hygiene in health care staffs. the result of reviewing 14 articles showed
that seven investigations have been
carried out as descriptive, five experimentals
& two by interventional methods. the result of limited studies were
indicating poor hand hygiene in health care setting.
24. www.hindawi.com
/journals/ipid/2012/679129/ Azzam al Kadi and Sajad Ahmad Salati. A cross
sectional study was undertaken from January to March 2012 in the dept. of
surgery of college of medicine ,Qassim University ,Saudi Arabia on hand hygiene
practice among medical students. On the basis of WHO’s concept of “five
movements for hand hygiene”.activities commonly undertaken by medical students
during cilinical phase ( 4th year of MBBS course )were selected, and
a questionnaire .a purpose of the study was explained as per the ethical
guideline of Helsinki, the student were requested to fill the questionnaires
.60 student agreed to participate and subsequently were enrolled in the
study.the average awareness regarding positive indication of hand hygiene was
51.7% for male student and 62.5% for female student .only 29% of student were
able to identify all the five indication.
25. hub.hku.hk/handle/10722/179923.jsessionid=DAD
4CEA55464F91375FD3AD4015EAAB82 A systemic study on effectiveness of hand
hygiene programs that improve compliance rate among health care worker .it
conducted in 2012. HH the most effective & economical way to prevent the
transmission of many bacteria and virus in health care setting yet. The
objective of this review were to identify the effectiveness of these HH
intervention program. Results showed that 8 HH program were effective while 1
program was in effective in improving HH compliance rate.
26. infectioncontrolplus.com.au/research/
Allegranzi,B and D. Pittet(2009). A study on role of HH in healthcare –associated infection
prevention “ in journal of hospital infection 73(4):305-315.” Hand hygiene is the leading measure for preventing the spread of microbial resistance and
reducing health care –associated infection. The main objective of the first
global Patient safety Challenge, launched by the WHO is to achieve an
improvement in HH practice worldwide with the ultimate gole of promoting a
strong patient safety culture.
27. Alsubaie
, S, A. Maither, et al (2013) An observational
study on determinants of HH
noncompliance in intensive care units
.This study estimate HH compliance among health care worker and examined
factors associated with noncompliance .This study was carried out in 5
intensive care unit (ICUs) at the university Hospital in Riyadh , Saudi Arabia. Among 242
HCWs A total of 3,940 HH opportunity were observe by 6 trained medical interns
and student .The WHO “ five moments of hh ” procedure was used as a basis for
the obesvation.overall HH noncompliance was high in ICUs of this hospital. HH
compliance was highest among therapists and technician becoce of fewer patient
interaction and thus fewer HH noncompliance opportunity per person .
28. By Nura Muhammed Abdella, Mekuriaw www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2458/14/96
A Tefera cross section study on HH compliance and associated factor among
health care provider in Gonder University Hospital .This study sough to
determine HH compliance and associated factor
among health care providers. This study conducted from April to may,2013 in GUH. Stratified
sampling technique was used to select 405health care providers. A total of 405
study particpants were interviewed and observed with a response rate of 96.4%
Good HH compliance of health care providers was found to be 16.5%. It is better
to give training on HH compliance and provide alcohol based hand rub individual
towel or tissue paper for HH compliance.
29. By
Michael Langston Phd, RN H. MARILYN OERMANN Phd, RN ,FAAN www.nursingcenter.com/lnc/jouranalartical?Artical_ID=1143139
A systemic study on effects of peer feedback on HH in surgical intensive
care unit and step- down units The goal of this research was to increase
compliance through both nonpersonal and
personal feedback to staff. for the purpose of this study ,personal feedback
was defined as any feedback state directly and verbally from one person to
another about the individual behavior. A total of 263 preintervention observation were made by observers .Of these
observations, 110 observations of the hh compliance were made after direct
patient contact and 152 were after
nonpatient contact.
30. By
Taylor ,J kyie Basco, Roselyne www.freepatentsonline.com/article/Clinical-Laboratory-science/231310602.html
An observational study was conducted to evaluate hygiene habits of students
with field of stud, gender ,and understanding
of hygiene at a university in Alabama. One hundred student were chosen
to participate in this study. Participants
were divided by gender and college major(50 science and 50 nonscience )
.females had a tendency to wash their hands more often than male while visiting
the bathroom. Science majors were more likely to wash their hands then
nonscience major.
31. www.ukessays.com/essays/nursing/hand-htgiene-practices-amng-health-care-workers-nursing-essay.php
A descriptive study on HH practice among 30 health
care workers in NICU at Hospital Raja Perempuan Zainab ll kota Baharu Kelantan.
The researcher find out that 15 out of
30 respondents wash their hands before handling the infant which is 50% of
totals respondent. This technique is widely implemented by the Specialist as 6
out of 15 respondents (40%). It is followed by the Medical officer with 26.6 %
which is 4 respondents.
32. By
Juliet Ferrelli and Marge Hardt Dicuccio www.eurekaselect.com/115888/article
A study on sustainable HH efforts; a review of
successful campaning. The aim of this paper is to provide a review of the hand
hygiene literature and to give an example of the use of this literature to
create a multimodal sustainable hand hygiene program .The literature offers
strategies that have led to successful program in the past .The multimodal use
of these strategies was demonstrated in the creation of a successful HH program
at one academic medical center.
33. By
freeman, MC, Stocks, ME, Cumming, www.bristol.ac.uk/social-community-medicine/people/julian-p-higgins/pub/32391562
A systemic study on hygiene and health: systematic
review of hand washing practice worldwide and update of health effects. Studies
with data on observe rates of hand washing with soap published between 1990 and
august 2013 were identified from a systematic search of pubmed, Embase and ISI
Web of knowledge. From the 42 studies reporting hand washing prevalence we
estimate that approximately 19% of the world population washes hands with soap
after contact with excreta. Results show that hand washing after contact with
excreta is poorly practiced globally, despite the likely positive health
benefits
34. By
Lesley T Bourne, N Pilime, M Sambo , A Behr sajcn.co.za/index.php/SAJCN/article/view/760
A study on V. food hygiene and sanitation in infants and young childrens: a
paediatric food based dietary guideline. This review utilizes sourced
references in both global and local evidence based study by conducting repeated
literature searches via PubMed, the Cochrane Collaboration , Google Scholar, EBSCO
information Services and United Nations’ agency documents, as well as the
“grey” literature . on this basis of the lieterature review, it is proposed
that the following message is tested for inclusion in the food based dietary
guideline for infants and young children. “hands should be washed with clean
water and soap before pertaining, feeding or eating, and after going to the
toilet”.
35. By
Juliet Ferrelli and Hardt DiCuccio www.eurekaselect.com/115888/article
A study on sustainable hand hygiene efforts; a review of a successful campaign.
36. B
y Paulson ,Daryl S .Fendler, Eleanor J. www.gojo.com/united-kingdom/proven-results.aspx
A study on a close look at alcohol gel
as an antimicrobial sanitizing agent in August 1999. In this study the healthcare personnel hand wash data showed
that the mean log reduction from base line were greatest for the lotion soap
with alcohol gel sanitizer , less for alcohol alone and the antimicrobial soap
alone and least for the bland soap alone .In term of both microorganism
reduction and skin irritation , the most effective production regimen were the
use of alcohol gel sanitizer in
combination with either an antimicrobial or a bland soap.
37. By
Fendler,E. J. Ali., Y.Hammond,B.S.,M.B.
CRRN. www.gojo.com/united-kingdom/proven-result.aspx
A study on the impact of alcohol hand
sanitiser use on infection rates infection rates in an extend care
facility in june 2002.In this study the
primary infection type found were urinary tract with foley catheter,
respiratory tract,and wound infection . comparison of the infection types and rates for the units where hand sanitiser
was used with those for the control units where the hand sanitiser was not used
showed a 30.4% decreased in infection rates for the 34-month period in the
units where hand sanitizer was used. This study indicates that use of an alcohol gel hand sanitizer can
decease infection rates and provide an additional tool for an effective
infection control programme.
38. By C.A. Kolly, J.W.Arbogast, D.R. Macinga www.gojo.com/united-kingdom/proven-results.aspx
A
study on the bacterial shedding and desquamation from the hands of healthcare
workers correlates with skin condition in june 2006.in this study bacterial
dispersal and quantitative skin measurement were obtained from 86 health care
workers over a 3 day period .The results of this hospital study demonstrate
that the level of bacteria shed from the hands of health care workers are
influenced by the health of the individuals skin ;I .e. dry skin shed more bacteria
.This increased bacteria dispersal from dry skin may increase the infection
transfer risk for healthcare worker with poor skin condition in the acute care
setting.
39. By
Military Medicine, volume 172 www.gojo.com/united-kingdom/proven-result.aspx
A cohort study on alcohol based instant
hand sanitizer use in military settings –a prospective cohort study of army basic trainees in November 2007.when
compared to the control group ,intervention group experienced 40% less
respiratory illness 44% less lost
training time ,48% less gastrointestinal illness and 31% fewer health care
encounters. These finding suggest that this intervention is capable of
significantally reducing illness in this setting has the potential to help
reduce absentees in the military work force as a whole.
40. By Fendler , E. J. , Dolan,M. J.,Williams.,R.A. www.gojo.com/united-kingdom/proven-result.aspx
A study on hand washing and gloving for
food protection :examination of the evidence .This paper presents a review on
published literature (medical, microbiology, and food industry) related to all
aspects of hand washing and gloving .This review of demonstrates that there is
insufficient scientific evidence to support the premise that the use of gloves
on transfer of pathogens to food and , consequently ,to support the requirement
for no-hand contact with ready –to-eat food.
41. BY
Fendeler,E.J.,Dolan,M.J.,Williams, R.A.,Paulson, D.S. www.gojo.com/united-kingdom/proven-result.aspx
A study on hand washing and gloving for food protection: effectiveness. This
paper presents a 2-phase study which evaluate the effectiveness of hand washing
compare to gloving, under stimulated food service condition. The first phase
evaluated the ability of hand contaminant
bacteria to penetrate compromised vinyl glove barrier. The second phase
evaluate the microbial contamination level picked up on the hands from handling
contaminated hamburger.
42. By
Paulson ,Daryl S,Fendler,Eleanor J,Dolan,Michael J.BS http://portal.ub.tu-berlin.de/primo_library/libweb/action/search.do;jsessionid=6A21428D94F5033A4A158D00A5C6C87A?mode=Basic&vid=TUB&vl%28freeText0%29=Fendler%2C+E&fn=search&tab=tub_all&
A study on close look at alcohol gel as
an antimicrobial sanitizing agent in August 1999.the health care personnel hand
wash data showed that the mean log
reduction from baseline were greatest for the lotion soap with alcohol gel
sanitizer, less for the alcohol alone and the antimicrobial soap alone, and
least for the bland soap alone. all of the product regimens showed a low potential
for skin irritation. In term of both
microorganism reduction and skin irritation, the most effective product regimen
were the use of alcohol gel sanitizer in combination with either an
antimicrobial or a bland soap.
43. By
Hammond,Brian a;Ali,Yusuf https://www.gojo.com/en/United-Kingdom/About-GOJO/News/Resources/Cold-and-Flu/Research-Studies-HH.aspx
A study on effect of hand sanitizer use on elementary school absenteesism in
October 2000.The overall reduction in absenteeism due to infection in the
school included in this study was 19.8%
for schools that used an alcohol gel hand sanitizer compared with the control
schools. Elementary school absenteeism due to infection is significantly reduce
when an alcohol gel hand sanitizer is used in the classroom as part of a hand
hygiene program.
44.
Arbogast JW http://www.gojo.com/international/proven-results.aspx?sc_lang=en
A study on effectiveness of a hand care regimen with moisturizer in
manufacturing facilities where workers are prone to occupational irritant
dermatitis in March 2004.comparison of the change in the skin condition of
workers using the full hand care regimen with moisturizer versus a control
group using a regimen without moisturizer demonstrated significant(p
<.05)improvements in multiple measures
after 1 to 2 weeks. Corneometer readings consistently showed significant
improvement for employees using moisturiser, regardless of their work location.
Improved skin condition resulted from
the regular use of an effective skin conditioning hand
moisturizer as part of a skin care regimen in work environments in which
workers were prone to experiencing occupational irritant contact dermatitis.
45.
By White
Cindy,Kolble,Robin BSN a, Carlson http://www.gojo.com/australia/proven-results.aspx?sc_lang=en
A study the effect of hand hygiene on
illness rate among students in university residence halls in October 2003. The
overall increase in hand hygiene
behavior and reduction in symptoms illness rates, and absenteeism
between the product group and control group was statistically significant.
Reduction in upper respiratory illness symptoms ranged from 14.8% to 39.9%.
total improvement in illness rate was 20% . the product group had 43% less
missed school/work days. Hand hygiene practice were improved with increased
frequency of hand washing through
increasing awareness of the importance of hand hygiene, and the use of alcohol
gel hand sanitizer in university dormitories. This resulted in fewer upper
respiratory- illness symptoms, lower illness rate and lower absenteeism.
46.
Guinan, Maryellen ,McGu
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12032496
The effect of a comprehensive hand
washing program on absenteeism in elementary school in June 2002.two hundred
ninety students from five independent schools were enrolled in the study.each
test classroom ahad a control classroom, and only the test classroom received
the intervention (education program and hand sanitizer ).the number of absence
was 50.6% lower in the test group.the data strongly suggest that a hand hygiene program that combines
education the use of a hand sanitizer in the classroom can lower absenteeism
and be cost effective.
REFERENCES:
1.
Kelemua Guli
2.
Lt V. Anargh.
3.
AL-Naggar R A.
4.
SHANU S. J.
5.
Anita Huis.
6.
S. W. Aboelela.
7.
Roger Ulrich.
8.
“Judy Tran
9.
THIALAND
10. Hixon
S
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